Code Samples

1) Assembly (NASM for x86)

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

section .text

global _start               ; must be declared for using gcc

_start:                     ; tell linker entry point
    mov     eax, '1'
    sub     eax, '0'        ; eax='1'-'0'=1
    mov     ebx, '2'
    sub     ebx, '0'        ; ebx='2'-'0'=2
    add     eax, ebx
    add     eax, '0'

    mov     [sum], eax

    mov     ecx, msg 
    mov     edx, len
    mov     ebx, 1          ; file descriptor (stdout)
    mov     eax, 4          ; system call number (sys_write)
    int     0x80            ; call kernel

    mov     ecx, sum

    mov     edx, 1
    mov     ebx, 1          ; file descriptor (stdout)
    mov     eax, 4          ; system call number (sys_write)
    int     0x80            ; call kernel

    mov     eax, 1          ; system call number (sys_exit)
    int     0x80            ; call kernel

section .data
    msg     db              "The sum is: ", 0xA
    len equ $ - msg   
    segment .bss
    sum resb 1

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 
3>>

---

2) Bash

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

a=1
b=2
c=$((a+b))

echo "The sum is: $c"

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

3) BASIC (FreeBASIC)

Program to print sum of two numbers using a function: 1 and 2.

Code:

Function Sum (x As Integer, y as Integer) As Integer
    Sum = x + y
End Function

Dim As Integer a, b, c
a = 1
b = 2
c = Sum(a, b)
Print "The sum is: ", c

Output:

>> 
The sum is:    3
>> 

---

4) C

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

#include <stdio.h>

int sum(int x, int y) {
    int sum = x + y;
    return sum;
}

int main() {
    int a = 1, b = 2, c;
    c = sum(a, b);
    printf("The sum is: %d", c);
    return 0;
}

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3>>

---

5) C++

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int sum(int x, int y) {
    int sum = x + y;
    return sum;
}

int main() {
    int a = 1, b = 2, c;
    c = sum(a, b);
    cout << "The sum is: " << c;
    return 0;
}

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3>>

---

6) Clojure

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

(defn sum [x y] (+ x y))

(let [a 1 
      b 2] 
    (println (str "The sum is: " (sum a b)))
)

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

7) C#

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

using System;

public class funcsum
{
    // Define a public static method 'Sum' that takes two integer parameters and returns their sum
    public static int Sum(int x, int y)
    {
        int sum;
        sum = x + y;
        return sum;
    }

    // Main method, the entry point of the program
    public static void Main()
    {
        int a = 1;
        int b = 2;
        int c = Sum(a, b);

        Console.WriteLine("The sum is: {0}", c);
    }
} 

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

8) COBOL

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. PROGSUM.

DATA DIVISION.
    WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
    01 WS-A   PIC 9(1) VALUE 1.
    01 WS-B   PIC 9(1) VALUE 2.
    01 WS-SUM PIC 9(1).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
    COMPUTE WS-SUM = WS-A + WS-B.
    DISPLAY "The sum is: " WS-SUM.
    STOP RUN.

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

9) Common Lisp

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

(defun sum (x y)
  (+ x y))

(let ((a 1) (b 2))
    (format t "The sum is: ~d" (sum a b) )
)

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3>> 

---

10) D

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

import std.stdio;

int sum(int x, int y) {
    int sum = x + y;
    return sum;
}

void main() {
    int a = 1, b = 2, c;
    writefln("The sum is: %d", sum(a, b));
}

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

11) Elixir

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

defmodule Math do
    def sum(x, y) do
        x + y
    end
end

a = 1
b = 2
IO.puts("The sum is: #{Math.sum(a, b)}")

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

12) Erlang

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Note:
Module must be named main.
Module must export function main which accepts one argument.

Code:

-module(main).
-export([main/1]). 

sum(X,Y) -> 
   SUM = X+Y, 
   SUM.

main(_) -> 
    A = 1,
    B = 2,
    C = sum(A, B),
    io:fwrite("The sum is: ~w", [C] ).

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3>> 

---

13) F#

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

let sum x y = x + y

let a = 1
let b = 2
let c = sum a b

System.Console.WriteLine("The sum is: {0}", c)

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

14) Fortran90

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

function sumAB(X, Y) result(sum)
    integer, intent (in) :: X 
    integer, intent (in) :: Y 
    integer              :: sum

    sum = X + Y
end function

program main
    implicit none
    integer :: A = 1
    integer :: B = 2
    integer :: C
    integer :: sumAB
    C = sumAB(A, B)
    print *, "The sum is: ", C
end program

Output:

>> 
 The sum is:            3
>> 

---

15) Go

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

package main

import "fmt"

func sum(x int, y int) int {
    return x + y
}

func main() {
    a := 1
    b := 2
    c := sum(a, b)
    fmt.Println("The sum is: ", c)
}

Output:

>> 
The sum is:  3
>> 

---

16) Groovy

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

def sum(int x, int y) {
    return x + y;
}

a = 1
b = 2
c = sum(a, b)
printf("The sum is: %d", c)

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3>> 

---

17) Haskell

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

sumAB :: Integer -> Integer -> Integer   --function declaration 
sumAB x y =  x + y                       --function definition 

main = do 
    let a = 1
    let b = 2
    let c = (sumAB a b)                  --calling a function 
    putStr "The sum is: "
    print(c)    

Output:

>> 
[1 of 1] Compiling Main             ( main.hs, main.o )
Linking main ...

The sum is: 3
>> 

---

18) Java

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

import java.io.*;

public class Main {

    public static int sum(int x, int y) {
        return x + y;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a = 1;
        int b = 2;
        int c = sum(a, b);
        System.out.printf("The sum is: %d", c);
    }
}

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3>> 

---

19) JavaScript

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

function sum(x, y) {
    return x + y;
}

var a = 1;
var b = 2;
var c = sum(a, b);
console.log("The sum is: ", c);

Output:

>> 
The sum is:  3
>> 

---

20) Julia

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

function sum(x, y)
    return x + y
end

a = 1
b = 2
c = sum(a, b)
println("The sum is: ", c);

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

21) Kotlin

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

fun sum(x: Int, y: Int): Int {
    return x + y
}

fun main() {
    val a = 1
    val b = 2
    val c = sum(a, b)
    println("The sum is: $c")
}

Output:

>> 
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM warning: Options -Xverify:none and -noverify were deprecated in JDK 13 and will likely be removed in a future release.

The sum is: 3
>> 

---

22) Lua

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

function sum(x, y)
    return x + y
end

a = 1
b = 2
c = sum(a, b)
print(string.format("The sum is: %d", c))

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

23) Objective-C

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface SumClass:NSObject
/* Method declaration */
- (int) num1: (int) x num2: (int) y;
@end

@implementation SumClass
/* Method returning the sum of two numbers */
- (int) num1: (int) x num2: (int) y {
    return x + y; 
}
@end

int main () {
    @autoreleasepool {
        int a = 1;
        int b = 2;
        int c;
        
        SumClass *obj = [[SumClass alloc]init];

        /* Call the sum method */
        c = [obj num1:a num2:b];
        
        //NSLog(@"The sum is: %d\n", c );
        NSString *message = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"The sum is: %d\n", c];
        printf("%s", message.UTF8String);
    }
    return 0;
}

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

24) OCaml

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

let sum = fun x y -> x + y;;

let a = 1;;
let b = 2;;
let c = sum a b;;
Printf.printf "The sum is: %i\n" c

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

25) Octave

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Note: Top level function must be named script()

Code:

function script()
    a = 1;
    b = 2;
    c = sumAB(a, b);
    printf("The sum is: %d\n", c);
endfunction

function retval = sumAB(x, y)
    retval = x + y;
endfunction

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

26) Pascal

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

program main;
var
   a, b, c : integer;

function sum(x, y: integer): integer;
begin
    sum := x + y;
end;

begin
    a := 1;
    b := 2;
    c := sum(a, b);
    writeln('The sum is: ', c);
end.

Output:

>> 
Free Pascal Compiler version 3.0.4 [2017/10/03] for x86_64
Copyright (c) 1993-2017 by Florian Klaempfl and others
Target OS: Linux for x86-64
Compiling main.pas
Linking main
/usr/bin/ld: warning: link.res contains output sections; did you forget -T?
15 lines compiled, 0.1 sec

The sum is: 3
>>

---

27) Perl

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

sub sum {
    my ($x, $y) = @_;
    my $sum = $x + $y;
    return $sum;
}

$a = 1;
$b = 2;
$c = sum($a, $b);
print "The sum is: $c\n";

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

28) PHP

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

<?php
function sum($x, $y) 
{
  return $x + $y;
}

$a = 1;
$b = 2;
$c = sum($a, $b);
echo "The sum is: $c\n";
?>

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

29) Prolog

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Note: Top level predicate must be main.

Code:

:- initialization(main).
set(X, Val) :- X is Val.
sum(X, Y, Z) :- Z is X + Y.
main :- set(A, 1), 
        set(B, 2), 
        sum(A, B, C), 
        format('The sum is: ~w', [C]).

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3>> 

---

30) Python2

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

def sum(x, y):
    return x + y

a = 1
b = 2
c = sum(a, b)
print "The sum is: %d"%(c)

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

31) Python3

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

def sum(x, y):
    return x + y

a = 1
b = 2
c = sum(a, b)
print("The sum is: %d"%(c))

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

32) R

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

sum <- function(x, y) {
    return (x + y)
}

a <- 1
b <- 2
c <- sum(a, b)
sprintf("The sum is: %i", c)

Output:

>> 
[1] "The sum is: 3"
>> 

---

33) Ruby

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

def sum (x, y)
    return x + y
end

a = 1
b = 2
c = sum(a, b)
puts "The sum is: #{c}"

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

34) Rust

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

fn sum(x: i32, y: i32) -> i32 {
    return x + y;
}

fn main() {
    let a = 1;
    let b = 2;
    let c = sum(a, b);
    println!("The sum is: {c}", c=c);
}

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

35) Scala

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Note: Object must be named Main.

Code:

object Main {
    def sum(x: Int, y: Int): Int = {
        return x + y
    }

    def main(args: Array[String]) = {
        val a = 1
        val b = 2
        val c = sum(a, b)
        println("The sum is: " + c)
    }
}

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

36) SQLite

Program to print sum of two columns with the values: 1 and 2.

Code:

CREATE TABLE data (
	id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
	a INTEGER,
	b INTEGER
);
INSERT INTO data (a, b)
VALUES( 1,	2);

ALTER TABLE `data` ADD COLUMN `sum` INTEGER;

UPDATE data
SET sum = (SELECT a + b FROM data);

.mode tabs
.header on
SELECT * FROM data;

Output:

>> 
id	a	b	sum
1	1	2	3
>> 

---

37) Swift

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

func sum(x: Int, y: Int) -> Int {
    return x + y
}

var a = 1
var b = 2
var c = sum(x:a, y:b)
print("The sum is: ", c)

Output:

>> 
The sum is:  3
>> 

---

38) SystemC

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

#include <systemc.h>

SC_MODULE (SUM_MODULE) {  // module named hello
    int a = 1, b = 2, c;
    SC_CTOR (SUM_MODULE) {  //constructor phase, which is empty in this case
        SC_THREAD(sum);
    }

    void sum() {
        c = a + b;
        std::cout << "The sum is: " << c << std::endl;
    }
};

int sc_main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
    SUM_MODULE sum_mod("sum");
    sc_start();
    return 0;
}

Output:

>> 

        SystemC 3.0.0-Accellera --- Oct  5 2024 19:28:18
        Copyright (c) 1996-2024 by all Contributors,
        ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

The sum is: 3
>> 

---

39) Tcl

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

proc sum {x y} {
    return [expr $x + $y]
}

set a 1
set b 2
set c [sum $a $b]
puts "The sum is: $c"

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

40) TypeScript

Program to print sum of two numbers: 1 and 2.

Code:

function sum(x: number, y: number) {
    return x + y;
}

let a = 1;
let b = 2;
let c = sum(a, b);
console.log("The sum is:", c);

Output:

>> 
The sum is: 3
>> 

---

41) Verilog

Program to print output of full adder to which random inputs are provided using a testbench.

Code:

// Full adder module
module fulladd (  input [3:0] a,
                  input [3:0] b,
                  input c_in,
                  output reg c_out,
                  output reg [3:0] sum);

	always @ (a or b or c_in) 
    begin
  	    {c_out, sum} = a + b + c_in; 	
    end
endmodule

// Testbench
module tb_fulladd;
    // 1. Declare testbench variables
    reg [3:0] a;
    reg [3:0] b;
    reg c_in;
    wire [3:0] sum;
    integer i;

    // 2. Instantiate the design and connect to testbench variables
    fulladd  fa0 ( .a (a),
                    .b (b),
                    .c_in (c_in),
                    .c_out (c_out),
                    .sum (sum));

	// 3. Provide stimulus to test the design
    initial begin
        a <= 0;
        b <= 0;
        c_in <= 0;
        
        $monitor ("a=0x%0h b=0x%0h c_in=0x%0h c_out=0x%0h sum=0x%0h", a, b, c_in, c_out, sum);

        // Use a for loop to apply random values to the input
        for (i = 0; i < 5; i = i+1) 
        begin
            #10 a <= $random;
                b <= $random;
                    
        end
    end
endmodule

Output:

>> 
a=0x0 b=0x0 c_in=0x0 c_out=0x0 sum=0x0
a=0x4 b=0x1 c_in=0x1 c_out=0x0 sum=0x6
a=0x3 b=0xd c_in=0x1 c_out=0x1 sum=0x1
a=0x5 b=0x2 c_in=0x1 c_out=0x0 sum=0x8
a=0xd b=0x6 c_in=0x1 c_out=0x1 sum=0x4
a=0xd b=0xc c_in=0x1 c_out=0x1 sum=0xa
>> 

---

42) VHDL

Program to print output of counter that increments every 10ns until 50ns.

Note:
Top level entity must be named main.
Use finish or stop available in std.env package to stop the testbench
Use writeline() to print output

Code:

library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
use ieee.std_logic_unsigned.all;
use std.textio.all;
use IEEE.std_logic_textio.all;

entity counter is
port (
    clk:    in  std_logic;
    n_rst:  in  std_logic;
    cout:   out std_logic_vector (7 downto 0)
);
end entity;

architecture behaviour of counter is
    signal cnt: std_logic_vector (7 downto 0);
begin
    process (clk, n_rst)
    begin
        if n_rst = '0' then
            cnt <= (others => '0');
        elsif rising_edge(clk) then
            cnt <= cnt + 1;
        end if;
    end process;

    cout <= cnt;
end architecture;

entity main is
end entity;

library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
use ieee.std_logic_unsigned.all;
use std.textio.all;
use IEEE.std_logic_textio.all;
use std.env.all;

architecture testbench of main is
    component counter
        port(
            clk:    in  std_logic;
            n_rst:  in  std_logic;
            cout:   out std_logic_vector (7 downto 0)
        );
    end component;

  signal  clk:    std_logic;
  signal  n_rst:  std_logic;
  signal  cout:   std_logic_vector (7 downto 0);

begin
    dut: counter port map (clk, n_rst, cout);
    
    process is
        variable my_line : line;
    begin
        clk <= '0';
        wait for 5 ns;
        write(my_line, cout);
        writeline(output, my_line);
        -- report my_line;
        clk <= '1';
        wait for 5 ns;
    end process;

    process
    begin
        n_rst <= '0';
        wait for 10 ns;
        n_rst <= '1';
        wait for 50 ns;
        -- report "done." severity failure;
        -- stop;
        finish;
    end process;
end;

Output:

>> 
00000000
00000000
00000001
00000010
00000011
00000100
simulation finished @60ns
>>